Sanction teardown · Rechtbank Noord-Nederland, Netherlands · 2025-11-19
ECLI:NL:RBNNE:2025:4814
What happened
In Rechtbank Noord-Nederland, Netherlands, a filing relied on ChatGPT to help draft legal argument. The court identified the following problems with the citations in that filing:
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Fabricated (Case Law)Pleitnota verwees naar een door de advocaat/geëxposeerde Hoge Raad-arrest aangeduid als 'HR 19 december 2003' en ECLI:NL:HR:2003:AL8444 (NJ 2004/75); rechtbank constateert datumverschil (5-12-2003), ECLI niet terugvindbaar en voorgestelde rechtsregel ontbreekt.
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Misrepresented (Case Law)Pleitnota noemde 'NJ 1996/273' aangeduid als arrest van 22 december 1995; rechtbank merkt op dat het gaat om een Arubaanse zaak van 8 december 1995, niet relevant voor verdelingskwesties en onjuist gepresenteerd.
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Fabricated (Other)Rechtbank vermoedt dat meerdere vindplaatsen via ChatGPT of vergelijkbare zoekmachine zijn opgedoken en zonder controle in de processtukken zijn overgenomen.
Which AI tool
ChatGPT. Note: Charlotin's public database records tool attribution only where a court order, brief, or reporting on the matter states it explicitly; "unidentified" or "implied" means the record indicates AI use but does not name a specific product — we do not guess.
Outcome
.
How Citation Safe would have caught this
Citation Safe runs three deterministic layers before a brief is filed: (1) does the citation exist against CourtListener's database of published opinions, (2) if quoted, does that exact language appear in the source, (3) does the cited case actually support the proposition it is cited for. Fabricated case citations fail Layer 1. Fabricated or misattributed quotations fail Layer 2 even when the underlying case is real. Misrepresented holdings — a real case cited for a proposition it does not support — are the target of Layer 3. None of these checks involve asking another language model whether the citation looks right; they are lookups and text-matches against the actual source, which is why a hallucinated citation has to survive a direct lookup against the authoritative source — not another model's opinion — to earn a VERIFIED stamp; our measured false-verify rate is published live at /quality.
Check a brief before you file it → · See our live false-verify rate
Source: https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/1135/ECLI_NL_RBNNE_2025_4814_Rechtbank_Noord-Nederland_C_18_244013___HA_ZA_25-101.pdf, via Damien Charlotin's public AI Hallucination Cases Database (CC0).