What was hallucinated

Fabricated: Case Law | Appellant's brief (p.40) referenced authorities the court concluded appeared fabricated and did not support the appellant's arguments. || Fabricated: Case Law | Appellant's brief (p.20) included a legal citation the court determined did not correspond to any real case and appeared fabricated. || Fabricated: Case Law | Appellant's brief (p.30) contained a cited authority the court found to be fabricated and unsupported by an actual precedent. || Fabricated: Case Law | Appellant's brief (p.31) referenced case law that the court observed appears to be fabricated and not traceable to real decisions. || Fabricated: Case Law | Appellant's brief (p.33) included citations the Superior Court noted as fabricated and not corresponding to any known cases.

Sanction teardown · SC Pennsylvania, USA · 2026-01-07

Jessica Baker v. Ryan Joseph Baker

What happened

In SC Pennsylvania, USA, a filing relied on an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool to help draft legal argument. The court identified the following problems with the citations in that filing:

Fabricated (Case Law)

Appellant's brief (p.40) referenced authorities the court concluded appeared fabricated and did not support the appellant's arguments.
Fabricated (Case Law)

Appellant's brief (p.20) included a legal citation the court determined did not correspond to any real case and appeared fabricated.
Fabricated (Case Law)

Appellant's brief (p.30) contained a cited authority the court found to be fabricated and unsupported by an actual precedent.
Fabricated (Case Law)

Appellant's brief (p.31) referenced case law that the court observed appears to be fabricated and not traceable to real decisions.
Fabricated (Case Law)

Appellant's brief (p.33) included citations the Superior Court noted as fabricated and not corresponding to any known cases.

Which AI tool

an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool. Note: Charlotin's public database records tool attribution only where a court order, brief, or reporting on the matter states it explicitly; "unidentified" or "implied" means the record indicates AI use but does not name a specific product — we do not guess.

Outcome

Not specified in source record.

How Citation Safe would have caught this

Citation Safe runs three deterministic layers before a brief is filed: (1) does the citation exist against CourtListener's database of published opinions, (2) if quoted, does that exact language appear in the source, (3) does the cited case actually support the proposition it is cited for. Fabricated case citations fail Layer 1. Fabricated or misattributed quotations fail Layer 2 even when the underlying case is real. Misrepresented holdings — a real case cited for a proposition it does not support — are the target of Layer 3. None of these checks involve asking another language model whether the citation looks right; they are lookups and text-matches against the actual source, which is why a hallucinated citation has to survive a direct lookup against the authoritative source — not another model's opinion — to earn a VERIFIED stamp; our measured false-verify rate is published live at /quality.

Check a brief before you file it → · See our live false-verify rate

Source: https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/1296/Baker_v._Baker_USA_7_January_2026.pdf, via Damien Charlotin's public AI Hallucination Cases Database (CC0).

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