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Tan Hai Peng Micheal and another

Court
High Court
Jurisdiction
Singapore
Decided
2025-11-03
AI tool
Unidentified
Outcome
—
Monetary penalty
None reported

What was hallucinated

Fabricated: Case Law | Defendants' closing submissions cited a non-existent authority at paragraph 67; the court found the authority fictitious and disregarded it; counsel later admitted the authority was provided by a colleague and could not identify the AI tool used. || Fabricated: Case Law | Defendants' closing submissions cited a second non-existent authority at paragraph 68; the court found this authority fictitious as well and declined to repeat the citation; admissions were made that the references originated from the solicitor assisting and the specific AI tool was not identified.

Sanction teardown · High Court, Singapore · 2025-11-03

Tan Hai Peng Micheal and another

What happened

In High Court, Singapore, a filing relied on an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool to help draft legal argument. The court identified the following problems with the citations in that filing:

  • Fabricated (Case Law)
    Defendants' closing submissions cited a non-existent authority at paragraph 67; the court found the authority fictitious and disregarded it; counsel later admitted the authority was provided by a colleague and could not identify the AI tool used.
  • Fabricated (Case Law)
    Defendants' closing submissions cited a second non-existent authority at paragraph 68; the court found this authority fictitious as well and declined to repeat the citation; admissions were made that the references originated from the solicitor assisting and the specific AI tool was not identified.

Which AI tool

an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool. Note: Charlotin's public database records tool attribution only where a court order, brief, or reporting on the matter states it explicitly; "unidentified" or "implied" means the record indicates AI use but does not name a specific product — we do not guess.

Outcome

Not specified in source record.

How Citation Safe would have caught this

Citation Safe runs three deterministic layers before a brief is filed: (1) does the citation exist against CourtListener's database of published opinions, (2) if quoted, does that exact language appear in the source, (3) does the cited case actually support the proposition it is cited for. Fabricated case citations fail Layer 1. Fabricated or misattributed quotations fail Layer 2 even when the underlying case is real. Misrepresented holdings — a real case cited for a proposition it does not support — are the target of Layer 3. None of these checks involve asking another language model whether the citation looks right; they are lookups and text-matches against the actual source, which is why a hallucinated citation has to survive a direct lookup against the authoritative source — not another model's opinion — to earn a VERIFIED stamp; our measured false-verify rate is published live at /quality.

Check a brief before you file it → · See our live false-verify rate

Source: https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/1105/2025_SGHC_217.pdf, via Damien Charlotin's public AI Hallucination Cases Database (CC0).

Source: https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/1105/2025_SGHC_217.pdf

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